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doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008599
Joshua Longbottom, Charles Wamboga, Paul R. Bessell, Steve J. Torr, Michelle C. Stanton
Optimising passive surveillance of a neglected tropical disease in the era of elimination: A modelling study
10.1371/journal.pntd.0008599
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008599
2021-03-02
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0 0 Td
(Scale)Tj
2.3149 0 Td
(back)Tj
2.1449 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.063 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5449 0 Td
(context)Tj
3.3071 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0678 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.1795 0 Td
(African)Tj
3.3922 0 Td
(trypanosomiasis)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0.0001 w
10 0 0 10 200.012 472.989 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
-0.014 Tc
1 TL
0 0 Td
(Human)Tj
3.2654 0 Td
(African)Tj
3.1692 0 Td
(trypanosomiasis)Tj
6.5763 0 Td
(\(HAT,)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(called)Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(`sleeping)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(sickness'\))Tj
3.9175 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8277 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(NTD)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(occurring)Tj
-31.8101 -1.2982 Td
(across)Tj
2.6191 0 Td
(sub-Saharan)Tj
5.0797 0 Td
(Africa,)Tj
2.8403 0 Td
(caused)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(sub-species)Tj
4.6374 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
( )Tj
5.5388 0 Td
(\n\r)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.5795 0 Td
(transmitted)Tj
4.7565 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(tsetse)Tj
-34.2252 -1.2983 Td
(flies.)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(Most)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0 Tc
(>)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-0.014 Tc
(95%\))Tj
3.3336 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(HAT)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(caused)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(by)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.1622 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0261 0 Td
(\n)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.9071 0 Td
( \n\r\r)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.2179 0 Td
(\(g-HAT\),)Tj
3.9232 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3606 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(humans)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(are)Tj
-35.807 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4399 0 Td
(primary)Tj
3.3846 0 Td
(host;)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(remaining)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(~5%)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.177 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(caused)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(by)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.1622 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0205 0 Td
(\n)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.9127 0 Td
(\r\r\r)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.5978 0 Td
(\(r-HAT\))Tj
3.617 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(which)Tj
-34.7411 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4399 0 Td
(primary)Tj
3.3846 0 Td
(reservoirs)Tj
4.0308 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(animal)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(hosts)Tj
2.2224 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(No)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(prophylaxis)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0771 0 Td
(vaccine)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(exists)Tj
2.3358 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(either)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(form)Tj
2.1657 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.1925 -1.2982 Td
(HAT.)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(Therapeutic)Tj
4.9379 0 Td
(drugs)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(available)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(18)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(toxic)Tj
2.1317 0 Td
(nature)Tj
2.7666 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(chemotherapy)Tj
5.828 0 Td
(requires)Tj
3.3959 0 Td
(that)Tj
-34.9226 -1.3039 Td
(infection)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(status)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8277 0 Td
(confirmed)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(before)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4399 0 Td
(patient)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8277 0 Td
(treated.)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(Disease)Tj
3.1578 0 Td
(prevention)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(efforts)Tj
-34.6901 -1.2983 Td
(focus)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(detection)Tj
3.8494 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.0479 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(existing)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.177 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(tsetse)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(19)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-0.004 Tc
-31.9235 -1.2983 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(World)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(Health)Tj
2.9197 0 Td
(Organization)Tj
5.5218 0 Td
(\(WHO\))Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(aims)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(eliminate)Tj
3.9458 0 Td
(g-HAT)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(public)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(health)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(prob-)Tj
-34.8659 -1.3039 Td
(lem)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(2030.)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(definitions)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(elimination)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(include)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(fewer)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(2,000)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(reported)Tj
3.6624 0 Td
(per)Tj
-33.2615 -1.2983 Td
(annum)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(globally,)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(90%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(reduction)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(reporting)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0 Tc
3.9855 0 Td
(>)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(1)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(case)Tj
1.8652 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(10,000)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(annum)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2462 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.68 -1.2982 Td
(20002004,)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(country-level)Tj
5.4992 0 Td
(indicator)Tj
3.8664 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(elimination)Tj
4.8416 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2315 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(fewer)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(reported)Tj
3.6624 0 Td
(case)Tj
-35.6766 -1.2983 Td
(per)Tj
1.5306 0 Td
(10,000)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(people,)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(annum)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(\(averaged)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(5-year)Tj
2.7325 0 Td
(period\))Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(health)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(district,)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-34.7298 -1.3039 Td
(junction)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(adequate,)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(surveillance)Tj
4.9436 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(20)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Uganda)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(track)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(achieve)Tj
-34.5597 -1.2983 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(goal)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(reduction)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(2,757)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(\(range,)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(310948)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(cases/year\))Tj
4.5751 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2224 0 Td
(reported)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(between)Tj
-31.9405 -1.2982 Td
(20002004)Tj
4.541 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(18)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(\(range,)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(09)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(cases/year\))Tj
4.5808 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2224 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(201418)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(21)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(reductions)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(mostly)Tj
-33.4486 -1.3039 Td
(attributable)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(active)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(screening)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.1328 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(population)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(22)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(and,)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(recently,)Tj
-32.9213 -1.2983 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(g-HAT,)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(active)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(screening)Tj
4.0479 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(cornerstone)Tj
5.0059 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(surveillance)Tj
4.9436 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.5178 -1.2983 Td
(most)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(foci)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(periods)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(case)Tj
1.8596 0 Td
(numbers.)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(As)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(case)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(numbers)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(decline)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(become)Tj
-32.122 -1.3039 Td
(increasingly)Tj
5.0286 0 Td
(less)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(cost-effective)Tj
5.4539 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(surveillance)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(switched)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(passive)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(system.)Tj
-27.5639 -1.2983 Td
(Plans)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(scale)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(back)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(passive)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(surveillance)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(sites)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(operating)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(RDTs)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(ongoing)Tj
3.5319 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.1811 -1.2982 Td
(Uganda,)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(target)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ensuring)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(2030,)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 Tc
2.347 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(50%)Tj
2.7043 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(at-risk)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(populations)Tj
4.9549 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(live)Tj
-34.0041 -1.3039 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(1-hour)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(health)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(facility)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(HAT)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(diagnostics)Tj
4.6772 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 Tc
1.7291 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(95%)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(live)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(5-hours)Tj
-33.7717 -1.2983 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(health)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(facilities)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(HAT)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(RDTs)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(reviewed)Tj
3.7928 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(July)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(2014)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Septem-)Tj
-34.2706 -1.2983 Td
(ber)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(2015,)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(response)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(evolving)Tj
3.5829 0 Td
(epidemiological)Tj
6.565 0 Td
(situation)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(g-HAT)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(Uganda)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Pre-)Tj
-35.6029 -1.2982 Td
(vious)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(utilised)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Euclidean)Tj
4.1896 0 Td
(distance)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(facilities)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(opposed)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(estimates)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(travel)Tj
-33.1821 -1.304 Td
(time.)Tj
2.2506 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(facilities)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(operation)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(further)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(reviewed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(better)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(quantify)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(accessi-)Tj
-34.1062 -1.2982 Td
(bility,)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(identify)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(minimal)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(required)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(ensure)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
(sufficient)Tj
3.9174 0 Td
(coverage,)Tj
3.9458 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(maximise)Tj
-32.4451 -1.2983 Td
(cost-effectiveness.)Tj
1.1962 -1.3039 Td
(Optimisation)Tj
5.5558 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(passive)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(screening)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(capacity)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(NW)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(Uganda)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(must)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(consider)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(key)Tj
1.593 0 Td
(elements.)Tj
-33.8227 -1.2983 Td
(First,)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(must)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(evidence)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(reduced)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(transmission,)Tj
5.5899 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(supported)Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(active)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(screening)Tj
4.0479 0 Td
(or)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0.0001 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
Q
q
34.9795 742.734 216.567 12.3591 re
W* n
q
1 0 0 1 34.9795 742.734 cm
q
/I5 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
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