Neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children exposed to malaria during pregnancy: An observational birth cohort study

Weckman, Andrea M, Conroy, Andrea L, Madanitsa, Mwayiwawo, Gnaneswaran, Bruno, McDonald, Chloe R, Kalilani-Phiri, Linda, Chandna, Jaya, Ali, Doreen, Mwapasa, Victor, Khairallah, Carole, Thwai, Kyaw Lay, Meshnick, Steven R, Taylor, Steve M, terKuile, Feiko ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3663-5617, Kain, Kevin C and Gladstone, Melissa (2021) 'Neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children exposed to malaria during pregnancy: An observational birth cohort study'. PLoS Medicine, Vol 18, Issue 9, e1003701.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND
Annually 125 million pregnancies are at risk of malaria infection. However, the impact of exposure to malaria in pregnancy on neurodevelopment in children is not well understood. We hypothesized that malaria in pregnancy and associated maternal immune activation result in neurodevelopmental delay in exposed offspring.

METHODS AND FINDINGS
Between April 2014 and April 2015, we followed 421 Malawian mother-baby dyads (median [IQR] maternal age: 21 [19, 28] years) who were previously enrolled (median [IQR] gestational age at enrollment: 19.7 [17.9, 22.1] weeks) in a randomized controlled malaria prevention trial with 5 or 6 scheduled assessments of antenatal malaria infection by PCR. Children were evaluated at 12, 18, and/or 24 months of age with cognitive tests previously validated in Malawi: the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT) and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MCAB-CDI). We assessed the impact of antenatal malaria (n [%] positive: 240 [57.3]), placental malaria (n [%] positive: 112 [29.6]), and maternal immune activation on neurocognitive development in children. Linear mixed-effects analysis showed that children exposed to antenatal malaria between 33 and 37 weeks gestation had delayed language development across the 2-year follow-up, as measured by MCAB-CDI (adjusted beta estimate [95% CI], -7.53 [-13.04, -2.02], p = 0.008). Maternal immune activation, characterized by increased maternal sTNFRII concentration, between 33 and 37 weeks was associated with lower MCAB-CDI language score (adjusted beta estimate [95% CI], -8.57 [-13.09, -4.06], p < 0.001). Main limitations of this study include a relatively short length of follow-up and a potential for residual confounding that is characteristic of observational studies.

CONCLUSIONS
This mother-baby cohort presents evidence of a relationship between malaria in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental delay in offspring. Malaria in pregnancy may be a modifiable risk factor for neurodevelopmental injury independent of birth weight or prematurity. Successful interventions to prevent malaria during pregnancy may reduce the risk of neurocognitive delay in children.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	WA Public Health > Health Problems of Special Population Groups > WA 310 Maternal welfare WA Public Health > Health Problems of Special Population Groups > WA 395 Health in developing countries WC Communicable Diseases > Tropical and Parasitic Diseases > WC 750 Malaria WS Pediatrics > WS 100 General works
Faculty: Department:	Clinical Sciences & International Health > Clinical Sciences Department
Digital Object Identifer (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003701
Depositing User:	Tracy Seddon
Date Deposited:	04 Nov 2021 12:38
Last Modified:	04 Nov 2021 12:38
URI:	https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/id/eprint/19322

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