Prioritisation of Anti‐SARS‐Cov‐2 Drug Repurposing Opportunities Based on Plasma and Target Site Concentrations Derived from their Established Human Pharmacokinetics

Arshad, Usman, Pertinez, Henry, Box, Helen, Tatham, Lee, Rajoli, Rajith KR, Curley, Paul, Neary, Megan, Sharp, Joanne, Liptrott, Neill J, Valentijn, Anthony, David, Christopher, Rannard, Steve P, O’Neill, Paul M, Aljayyoussi, Ghaith, Pennington, Shaun ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7160-6275, Ward, Steve ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2331-3192, Hill, Andrew, Back, David J, Khoo, Saye H, Bray, Patrick G, Biagini, Giancarlo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-6595 and Owen, Andrew (2020) 'Prioritisation of Anti‐SARS‐Cov‐2 Drug Repurposing Opportunities Based on Plasma and Target Site Concentrations Derived from their Established Human Pharmacokinetics'. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol 108, Issue 4, pp. 775-790.

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Abstract

There is a rapidly expanding literature on the in vitro antiviral activity of drugs that may be repurposed for therapy or chemoprophylaxis against SARS‐CoV‐2. However, this has not been accompanied by a comprehensive evaluation of the target plasma and lung concentrations of these drugs following approved dosing in humans. Accordingly, EC90 values recalculated from in vitro anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity data was expressed as a ratio to the achievable maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) at an approved dose in humans (Cmax/EC90 ratio). Only 14 of the 56 analysed drugs achieved a Cmax/EC90 ratio above 1. A more in‐depth assessment demonstrated that only nitazoxanide, nelfinavir, tipranavir (ritonavir‐boosted) and sulfadoxine achieved plasma concentrations above their reported anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity across their entire approved dosing interval. An unbound lung to plasma tissue partition coefficient (KpUlung) was also simulated to derive a lung Cmax/EC50 as a better indicator of potential human efficacy. Hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, mefloquine, atazanavir (ritonavir‐boosted), tipranavir (ritonavir‐boosted), ivermectin, azithromycin and lopinavir (ritonavir‐boosted) were all predicted to achieve lung concentrations over 10‐fold higher than their reported EC50. Nitazoxanide and sulfadoxine also exceeded their reported EC50 by 7.8‐ and 1.5‐fold in lung, respectively. This analysis may be used to select potential candidates for further clinical testing, while deprioritising compounds unlikely to attain target concentrations for antiviral activity. Future studies should focus on EC90 values and discuss findings in the context of achievable exposures in humans, especially within target compartments such as the lung, in order to maximise the potential for success of proposed human clinical trials.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	QV Pharmacology > Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Anti-Infective Agents. Antineoplastic Agents > QV 268.5 Antiviral agents (General) QV Pharmacology > QV 38 Drug action. WB Practice of Medicine > Therapeutics > WB 330 Drug therapy
Faculty: Department:	Biological Sciences > Department of Tropical Disease Biology
Digital Object Identifer (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1909
Depositing User:	Stacy Murtagh
Date Deposited:	22 May 2020 14:25
Last Modified:	21 May 2021 01:02
URI:	https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/id/eprint/14523

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