Insecticide Resistance and the Future of Malaria Control in Zambia

Chanda, Emmanuel, Hemingway, Janet ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3200-7173, Kleinschmidt, Immo, Rehman, Andrea M., Ramdeen, Varsha, Phiri, Faustina N., Coetzer, Sarel, Mthembu, David, Shinondo, Cecilia J., Chizema-Kawesha, Elizabeth, Kamuliwo, Mulakwa, Mukonka, Victor, Baboo, Kumar S. and Coleman, Michael ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4186-3526 (2011) 'Insecticide Resistance and the Future of Malaria Control in Zambia'. PLoS ONE, Vol 6, Issue 9, e24336.

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Abstract

Abstract
Background: In line with the Global trend to improve malaria control efforts a major campaign of insecticide treated net distribution was initiated in 1999 and indoor residual spraying with DDT or pyrethroids was reintroduced in 2000 in Zambia. In 2006, these efforts were strengthened by the President’s Malaria Initiative. This manuscript reports on the monitoring and evaluation of these activities and the potential impact of emerging insecticide resistance on disease transmission.

Methods: Mosquitoes were captured daily through a series of 108 window exit traps located at 18 sentinel sites. Specimens were identified to species and analyzed for sporozoites. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected resting indoors and larva collected in breeding sites were reared to F1 and F0 generations in the lab and tested for insecticide resistance following the standard WHO susceptibility assay protocol. Annual cross sectional household parasite surveys were carried out to monitor the impact of the control programme on prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in children aged 1 to 14 years.

Results: A total of 619 Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 228 Anopheles funestus s.l. were captured from window exit traps
throughout the period, of which 203 were An. gambiae malaria vectors and 14 An. funestus s.s.. In 2010 resistance to DDT and the pyrethroids deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin was detected in both An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s.. No sporozoites were detected in either species. Prevalence of P. falciparum in the sentinel sites remained below 10% throughout the study period.
Conclusion: Both An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s. were controlled effectively with the ITN and IRS programme in Zambia, maintaining a reduced disease transmission and burden. However, the discovery of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in the country threatens the sustainability of the vector control programme.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	QX Parasitology > Insects. Other Parasites > QX 650 Insect vectors WA Public Health > Preventive Medicine > WA 240 Disinfection. Disinfestation. Pesticides (including diseases caused by) WB Practice of Medicine > Medical Climatology > WB 710 Diseases of geographic areas WC Communicable Diseases > Tropical and Parasitic Diseases > WC 750 Malaria
Digital Object Identifer (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024336
Depositing User:	Users 183 not found.
Date Deposited:	09 Sep 2011 14:26
Last Modified:	22 Nov 2024 08:53
URI:	https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/id/eprint/2329

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