Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of respiratory microbial flora in African children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease

Abotsi, Regina E., Nicol, Mark P., McHugh, Grace, Simms, Victoria, Rehman, Andrea M., Barthus, Charmaine, Mbhele, Slindile, Moyo, Brewster W., Ngwira, Lucky-Gift, Mujuru, Hilda, Makamure, Beauty, Mayini, Justin, Odland, Jon Ø., Ferrand, Rashida A. and Dube, Felix S. (2021) 'Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of respiratory microbial flora in African children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease'. BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol 21, Issue 1, p. 216.

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Abstract

Abstract: Background: HIV-associated chronic lung disease (CLD) is common among children living with HIV (CLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa, including those on antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the pathogenesis of CLD and its possible association with microbial determinants remain poorly understood. We investigated the prevalence, and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Haemophilus influenzae (HI), and Moraxella catarrhalis (MC) among CLWH (established on ART) who had CLD (CLD+), or not (CLD-) in Zimbabwe and Malawi. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs (NP) and sputa were collected from CLD+ CLWH (defined as forced-expiratory volume per second z-score < − 1 without reversibility post-bronchodilation with salbutamol), at enrolment as part of a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin (BREATHE trial - NCT02426112), and from age- and sex-matched CLD- CLWH. Samples were cultured, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using disk diffusion. Risk factors for bacterial carriage were identified using questionnaires and analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 410 participants (336 CLD+, 74 CLD-) were enrolled (median age, 15 years [IQR = 13–18]). SP and MC carriage in NP were higher in CLD+ than in CLD- children: 46% (154/336) vs. 26% (19/74), p = 0.008; and 14% (49/336) vs. 3% (2/74), p = 0.012, respectively. SP isolates from the NP of CLD+ children were more likely to be non-susceptible to penicillin than those from CLD- children (36% [53/144] vs 11% [2/18], p = 0.036). Methicillin-resistant SA was uncommon [4% (7/195)]. In multivariate analysis, key factors associated with NP bacterial carriage included having CLD (SP: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2 [95% CI 1.1–3.9]), younger age (SP: aOR 3.2 [1.8–5.8]), viral load suppression (SP: aOR 0.6 [0.4–1.0], SA: 0.5 [0.3–0.9]), stunting (SP: aOR 1.6 [1.1–2.6]) and male sex (SA: aOR 1.7 [1.0–2.9]). Sputum bacterial carriage was similar in both groups (50%) and was associated with Zimbabwean site (SP: aOR 3.1 [1.4–7.3], SA: 2.1 [1.1–4.2]), being on ART for a longer period (SP: aOR 0.3 [0.1–0.8]), and hot compared to rainy season (SP: aOR 2.3 [1.2–4.4]). Conclusions: CLD+ CLWH were more likely to be colonised by MC and SP, including penicillin-non-susceptible SP strains, than CLD- CLWH. The role of these bacteria in CLD pathogenesis, including the risk of acute exacerbations, should be further studied.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Children, HIV, Chronic lung disease
Subjects:	QW Microbiology and Immunology > QW 45 Microbial drug resistance. General or not elsewhere classified. WA Public Health > Health Problems of Special Population Groups > WA 395 Health in developing countries WB Practice of Medicine > Therapeutics > WB 330 Drug therapy WC Communicable Diseases > Virus Diseases > Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV Infections > WC 503 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV infections WF Respiratory System > WF 140 Diseases of the respiratory system (General) WF Respiratory System > Lungs > WF 600 Lungs
Faculty: Department:	Clinical Sciences & International Health > Clinical Sciences Department
Digital Object Identifer (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05904-3
SWORD Depositor:	JISC Pubrouter
Depositing User:	JISC Pubrouter
Date Deposited:	26 Feb 2021 12:47
Last Modified:	26 Feb 2021 12:47
URI:	https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/id/eprint/17071

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