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Critchley, J. and Unal, B. (2004) 'Is smokeless tobacco a risk factor for coronary heart disease? A systematic review of epidemiological studies'. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, Vol 11, Issue 2, pp. 101-112.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Background There is on-going debate about the wisdom of substituting smokeless tobacco products for cigarette smoking as a 'harm reduction' strategy. It is generally believed that health risks associated with smokeless tobacco use (ST) are lower than those with cigarette smoking. However, the population attributable risk of smoking is higher for cardiovascular diseases than for any cancers, and few studies or reviews have considered the cardiovascular outcomes of ST use. A systematic review was therefore carried out to highlight the gaps in the evidence base.
Methods Electronic databases were searched, supplemented by screening reference lists, smoking-related websites, and contacting experts. Analytical observational studies of ST use (cohorts, case-control, cross-sectional studies) were included if they reported on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, or risk factors. Data extraction covered control of confounding, selection of cases and controls, sample size, clear definitions and measurements of the health outcome and ST use. One or two independent reviewers carried out selection, extraction and quality assessments.
Results A narrative review was carried out. Very few studies were identified; only three from Sweden consider CVD outcomes and these are discrepant. There may be a modest association between use of Swedish snuff (snus) and cardiovascular disease (e.g., relative risk=1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-1.6) in one prospective cohort study. Several other studies have considered associations between ST use and intermediate outcomes (CVD risk factors).
onclusions There may be an association between ST use and cardiovascular disease. However, further rigorous studies with adequate sample sizes are required. Eur J Cardiovasc Prevention Rehab 11:101-112 (C) 2004 The European Society of Cardiology.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | cardiovascular disease smokeless tobacco smoking systematic review middle-aged men blood-pressure cigarette-smoking cardiorespiratory fitness cardiovascular-disease myocardial-infarction chewing tobacco global burden mortality smokers |
| Subjects: | WG Cardiovascular System > WG 120 Cardiovascular diseases WG Cardiovascular System > WG 20 Research (General) |
| Faculty: Department: | Groups (2002 - 2012) > International Health Group |
| Digital Object Identifer (DOI): | https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000114971.39211.d7 |
| Depositing User: | Martin Chapman |
| Date Deposited: | 30 Aug 2012 14:15 |
| Last Modified: | 06 Feb 2018 13:03 |
| URI: | https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/id/eprint/2149 |
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